Alfred Adler is the founder of individual psychology and one of the first famous critics of the theory of psychoanalysis and the creator of movement in a psychological movement. Adler defines human being as a social creature. Adler’ s view of the problem of psychology can be solved by translating the problem of communication between humans. A sense of inferiority and inferiority complex are two popular terms in individual psychology. Adler defines sense of inferiority as a force that has been given to human beings to move towards positive aspects of life. On the other hand, Adler has emphasized that adverse environmental conditions can lead the sense of inferiority to inferiority complex. Adler highlights the concept of false compensation in the realm of psychology, which person uses to balance one’ s psyche. This article deals with the psychoanalytic critique of the novel “ Sahm-e-Man” by a descriptive-analytical approach. The author refers to the underlying causes of the inferiority complex and the mechanisms of compensation in the main character of the novel “ Masoumeh” according to Adler theory of life style. Research findings show that environment is one of the main factors in creating inferiority complex in the main character, which originated from unfavorable environmental conditions of family and dialectical behavior of mother and father with children. Accordingly, inferiority complex has severed in Masoumeh and created various forms of psychological imbalance; therefore, to compensate for her discrete psychic balance, she has made false compensation which has led to many problems in her.

Background: Examining the psychological aspects of Isfahan style poetry and architecture from the perspective of Alfred Adler and Carl Gustav Jung's theory. Aims: In this article, common psychological aspects of Esfahani style (Indian) poetry and Esfahani style architecture have been investigated. Methods: The research method is library and its type is analytical-descriptive. After examining the characteristics and common psychological aspects of poetry and architecture of the Isfahani period, we have come to the conclusion that in addition to the social issues that affected poetry and architecture in the Safavid period, some aspects of psychology in this period also affected the style of poetry and The architecture of this period has left an impact. Among other things, due to the spread of poetry and art among the people and its departure from the court, signs of extroversion can be seen in the poetry and art of this period, and its representation is paying attention to the intellectual and imaginative tastes of the public instead of considering the opinions of the rulers. Results: This can be examined in the form of the "social interest" component of Alfred Adler's theory. This caused the poetry and architecture of this period to become general instead of being specialized and customized and developed based on the intellectual, imaginative and emotional taste of the public. Another common psychological aspect in the poetry and architecture of this period is the attention to beliefs and opinions that are presented as archetypes in the field of psychology and can be examined in the form of Jung's theory. Conclusion: This aspect is also a result of popularization of poetry and architecture, and during this process, the common beliefs and ideas and archetypes of the general public of the people were manifested in the poetry and architecture of this period.

Among various critical approaches to literary works, psychoanalytic criticism is widely used as an important method of analysis. Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, was able to introduce a new reading of literary and mythical texts as well as art works to his readers; a new reading which was based on his new and innovatory perception of human mind and his discoveries of new aspects of human existence. His tendency to analyze the author's psyche through his/her work(s) is his greatest achievement in this field. After him, psychoanalytic criticism was subject to many developments. Jung, Adler, Ernest Jones, and Erik Erikson were amongst those whose activities have had magnificent effects on the development and evolution of this critical method. As a result of these developments, the practice of analyzing the characters of a literary work from a psychoanalytic perspective was pursued by Freud's pupils, and in particular by Ernest Jones and this critical approach became one of the most remarkable methods of literary work analysis. Due to its dynamic and structured nature, the method still remains a pre-eminent and well-known trend in modern psychoanalytic criticism. Thus in this study we have tried to analyze and scrutinize the character of "Zal" in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh from a psychoanalytic viewpoint in order to shed light on his psychic features. We have chosen Alfred Adler's psychoanalytic speculations on the inferiority complex, superiority, and compensation as our methodological guideline.

Background: Psychological analysis of the behavior of war commanders in the mythological and heroic period of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and Homer's Iliad and Odyssey. Aims: In this article, the psychological analysis of war commanders' behavior in the mythological and heroic period of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and Homer's Iliad and Odyssey is discussed. Methods: The research method is library-based and based on document research and its type is analytical-descriptive. Examining the confrontation among commanders shows that the element of confrontation in these stories is very prominent and bold, and in fact, the plot of each of these historical stories is based on confrontation. Results: The type of confrontations in these stories, due to their historical nature, is mainly the type of confrontation between human characters and especially war commanders, and the motivations of the confrontation between the characters are often things such as power struggle, desire to conquer the country, trying to Establishing justice and fighting against oppression, seeking revenge, fighting against Enirani and other races, etc. From the point of view of Adler's personality theory, the war commanders in these two works sometimes have an inferiority complex and in order to cover their weaknesses, they have turned to showing power and opening up the country. Conclusion: In general, although the selected stories are historical stories, the components of Lévi-Strauss's approach and theory can be seen in them, and the motivation of these characters is not only the motivations mentioned in historical books, but ideals and goals. Also, their personality type and psychological characteristics have a direct impact on these confrontations, which have been examined by Alfred Adler.

Extended Abstract In this article, we review the characters of Shirin and Farhad in Vahshi Bafghis poetry based on Alfred Adler's personality theory. The type of this research is based on library method and its approach is analytical-descriptive. The research hypothesis is the possibility of examining the characters of this poem due to the mutuality between some characters based on Adler's theory. After examining the characters based on the components of Adler's theory one by one, we conclude that due to the theme of the poem, which is romantic and its inseparable part of competition and envy, all the important characters of the poem are possessed of the Adler's theory signs including the envy of inferiority, social interest, supremacy, domination, dependence and acceptance alternately. While Shirin is a superior character, the sense of humiliation inflicted on him by Khosrow's indifference leads him to seek revenge and dependence on Farhad. Khosrow is a completely superior and domineering personality. Farhad is a "useful to society" personality whose lifestyle is in line with the characteristics of the "social interest". Shekar and other characters, including the courtiers of Khosrow's court, cannot be examined from Adler's point of view due to their small role in the poem. 1-Introduction Persian love poems plays an important role in the great and precious cultural and literary heritage of Iran and according to the results of many researches that are written every year about the analysis of the structure and content of these poems, they still have hidden capacities - both in terms of content and structure - at the heart of these poems which are still undiscovered. For example, considering that Iranian love poems have high capacities in the field of correct and artistic use of fictional elements, the types of fictional elements can be examined even by relying on the latest theories of narrative and personality in these poems which can leads us to an interesting and lofty results. It is as if the poets of this country have been fully acquainted with the subtleties and delicacy of storytelling; because scanning these romantic and mystical poems shows that from the beginning to the end of these Masnavi is based on creative thinking in the field of storytelling, and in addition, the value of the work of these storytellers becomes more obvious when we consider the swing and rhyme limit for writing a story comparing to prose. Because if we consider writing a story in prose, it will be like passaging a river. On the other hand, writing a poetic story is much more difficult and is like walking on the water. One of these successful Masnavis is the Vahshi Bafghi's Shirin and Farhad. Although incomplete in terms of storytelling, it is a successful work in terms of the principled application of fictional elements such as characterization, and Vahshi Bafghi can create a successful poem by choosing characters whose mental and behavioral characteristics and even appearance are totally related to the story of the poem. Characterization is one of the most important elements that plays a decisive role in a writer's success in writing a story. In addition to being careful about the choice of subject and other story elements, the story writer must be very careful in choosing the characters because the story elements are like chains that are directly related to each other and there must be a fit between these elements so that the reader can send messages and understand the themes of the story as well. "Adler was one of the psychologists who tried to introduce new concepts of social psychology into psychoanalysis. He addresses issues such as social interest; feelings of inferiority; idealism; life style; creative power; old memories and the order of birth.” (Schultz, 1381: 141) Adler believed that “the feeling of inferiority always exists as a motivating force in human behavior. He believed that being human means feeling inferior, and that feeling is the source of all human endeavors.” (Adler, 2000: 88) “Unlike Freud, Adler did not believe in human being doomed by conflicts and instincts, or biological forces and childhood experiences. He called his approach "individual psychology" because it emphasized the uniqueness of each individual and did not accept the generality of the motives and goals that Sigmund Freud attributed them to a man. Adler's theory of personality is purely economic and frugal, meaning that it explains the whole construction of a theory with a few basic concepts. According to Adler, the concept of personality includes: imaginative objectification, striving for supremacy and superiority, the feeling of inferiority and the mechanism of compensation, social interests, lifestyle and the creative self.”(Arianpour, 1978: 29( In addition, "Adler has identified four styles and types of personality for human beings: the dominant type, the receiving type, the avoidant type, and the socially useful type" (ibid. :38), as well as four lifestyles to solve problems: 1. Dominant and regnant personality 2. Supporting and receptive personality 3. Avoidant and distant personality 4. Useful personality useful to society. Each of these personality types has certain behavioral characteristics that can be generalized to fictional characters too. Overall, Adler emphasized that human beings are always more aware of their shortcomings than others, and that these shortcomings are the drivers and motivators that shape human behavior, and man will not give up until he can overcome his shortcomings and complexities by succeeding in other areas. In this article, we have analyzed the characters of Shirin and Farhad Vahshi Bafghi's poems in order to determine whether the components of Adler's theory can be generalized to the behaviors of the characters in this poem or not. 2-Research methodology The type of this research is based on library method and its approach is analytical-descriptive. The order of the research was like for studying and analyzing all aspects of the poem's characters according to Adler's theory, after reading Shirin and Farhad Masnavi for several times, we wrote down verses related to describing the appearance and behavior of each character and then based on the role that each character played in the story, we analyzed their behavior, especially their psychological characteristics. For studying and analyzing the mental states of the characters in a better way, we scrutinized their purpose and motivation to clarify whether the drivers and motivators of the characters' behavior, according to Adler's theory, were emotions such as humiliation, jealousy and consequently superiority or not. 3-Discussion In this poem Vahshi Bafghi has created fictional characters in such a way that each character has his own unique behavioral and psychological characteristics, and this is why in this article, we try to analyze the characters of this poem based on one of the new theories of personality, Alfred Adler's theory. Shirin is initially an honest and chaste woman, but there are circumstances in which she starts a contest based on revenge against Khosrow. Although the theme of love in this poem is very prominent, but when we look at the motives of the characters in the story, we find that love in this poem is never pure and clear and is influenced by personality complexes, including feelings of inferiority. In Vahshi's Shirin and Farhad poem, he feels humiliated and compensated for the increased insurance he sees from Khosrow, and this causes his superiority to grow in order to compensate for his emotional deficiency. Due to his social status, Khosrow is a proud and arrogant person and never considers himself bound by Shirin love and has other fantasies in his head. In terms of naming the characters, his name, which means king, also matches his character and behavior. He changes the mood and behavior of the Shirin by behaving with pride and indifference to Shirin, and revives the sense of revenge in the Shirin's heart. From the Adler's personality theory point of view, Khosrow has imaginative goals at the beginning of the story, and he is a very idealistic person, and his goal is to reach an unlimited and undisputed power. In this way, he does his best and adorns himself with all kinds of arts and skills such as knowledge, penetrating expression, rotation and archery, agonists and heroism, so that he can be smooth in achieving his ideals. Although Farhad is a self-deprecating and pure figure, since Shirin goes to Khosrow for revenge, the purity of his character is inevitably affected by the adventures between Khosrow and Shirin. "Farhad plays the main role in the story in the Vahshi's Poetry, and the Vahshi's Purpose is to describe his pure and unadulterated love, and that is why Vahshi begins his story right from the scene of Farhad's entry into the realm of Shirin's love" (Razzaqi Shani, 76:1388) Farhad is not a kohkan (someone who craves the mountain) but an artistic sculptor, with a sensitive heart and full of love. He is a humble man who has turned his back on worldly affairs. According to Adler's theory, Farhad is a useful figure in society and his nature is free from any complexity and anger, and this type of personality makes him Shirin. Farhad is neither a hegemonist nor a supremacist, nor does he pursue imaginary goals. Farhad, in a way, has all the positive aspects of Adler's character theory. The presence of a character like Shapur, who is never affected by emotions in this story, is like a criterion for evaluating and measuring the behaviors and mental states of other characters; Because Shapur is the most realistic character in the Vahshi's poem ; he does not have a humiliation envy like Shirin, nor does he have a desire for domination and growing power like Khosrow, nor does he have a mysterious and mystical personality like Farhad. He has all the qualities of a good-natured character, and Adler's view is that the type of social interest is the proper compensation of all natural weaknesses in the individual; Shapur is a manifestation of intellect and wisdom, and all his calculations are formed without the involvement of emotions such as jealousy, humiliation and superiority. He is wise and prudent and always keeps the Shah's thoughts away from evil, and when Khosrow shares the news of Shirin and Farhad's love with him, he warns the Shah that one should not be pessimistic about a news story that is likely to be false. He tells the king that Shirin is not a wrongdoer. Shirin is famous for her love and loyalty to Khosrow. Because Shirin refused to go to bed with you without a covenant, you left her and seek Shekar Isfahani. Shirin wants the Shah to have a different view of his women than Shirin. With this trick, Shirin wanted to test the king's love. It is also Shapur who warns Khosrow to kill Farhad. Shekar is not very important in the wild character of the character, and his character is not sufficiently explained, and therefore there are not enough assumptions to analyze his character from Adler's point of view. "Shekar is one of the characters who plays less of a role and only enters this big show in one scene and plays a role. This scene is also when Khosrow brings Shekar to the lust for love and, as it was said, Shirin responds to Khosrow's action by expressing his love for Farhad. ”This sub-story of Khosrow's love of Shekar, or rather the love of the king of the country for a prostitute - but chaste - is a disgrace to Khosrow, but in any case it is a response to the Shirin's love of an unnamed craftsman. 4-Conclusion The results of this study indicate that due to the subject matter and content of Shirin and Farhad Masnavi, which is full of contradictory feelings and emotions, the components of Adler's theory confirms the mental states of the characters of this Masnavi and the existence of some characters due to jealousy. And humiliation is trying to be superior, as evidenced by this claim. Also, the existence of characters in this Masnavi, which is a symbol of personality development and a manifestation of humanity and altruism, reveals another aspect of Adler's theory, namely the same social interest and lifestyle in this Masnavi. Since the subject of the poem is romantic and jealousy and superiority and competition are inseparable, most of the influential characters in this poem are relatively indicative of the components of Adler's theory, including the social interest of inferiority, superiority, domination, dependence and acceptance. For example, Shirin, although she has signs of a domineering personality, but the feeling of jealousy and humiliation that has befallen her due to Khosrow's lack of attention, makes her a vindictive and at the same time dependent on Farhad. Khosrow is a domineering and arrogant figure due to his social and political position in the story. Farhad is a altruistic and kind human being, and the following can be defined as the "useful to society" component of Adler's theory. Shekar and other characters, including the courtiers of Khosrow's court - who play a minor role in the poem - cannot be examined from Adler's point of view. Based on these results, Bafghi is a poet and skilled storyteller who matched their behavioral characteristics according to their role in the story and gave them characters that are beautifully placed in the world of stories in addition to paying attention to the physical characteristics of the characters. They convey their behavior and speech through Vahshi's content to their audience. Of course, Bafghi's savage success in shaping the characters has been largely influenced by Khosrow and Shirin poem, and we should not ignore this very important point. 5-References Abdollahzade, Tayyeba & others,The character of Wis looking at Alfered Adler’s theory of inferiority complex, journal of Lyrical Literature Researches, University of Sistan & Baluchestan, 15th year, No 35, pp 123-140, 2020 Adler, Alfred, Individual Psychology, translated by Hassan Zamani Sharafshahi, Tehran: Nashr-e-Tasvir,1991 Adler, Alfred, Understanding Human Nature from a Psychological Perspective, translated by Tahereh Javahersaz, Tehran: Roshd Publications, 2000 Adler, Alfred, Understand The Meaning of Life, Trans. Nahid Mirfakhrayi, Ketab, Tehran, 1988. 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Fasa: Fasa Azad University, 2007 Khalilollahi, Shahla, Study of love in Nezami’s Khosrom va Shirin on the basis of perspective of Giddens, Danino and Evans, journal of Lyrical Literature Researches, University of Sistan & Baluchestan, 14 th year, No 27, pp 101-114, 2016 Karimi, Yousef, Personality Psychology, Tehran: Foroozeh Publishing, 14th Edition, 2010 Landin, Labert, Theories and Systems of Psychology, Yahya Seyed Mohammadi, Tehran: Editing Publishing, 1999 Mansour, Mahmoud. , Ehsas Kahtari, Tehran: University of Tehran Press, 1992 Mirsadeghi, Jamal, Elements of Story, Tehran: Sokhan, Fifth Edition, 2009 16 Vahsi Bafghi, Kamal-ud-Din, Cycle of Vahshi Bafghi (Shirin and Farhad Poems), by Nemat Ahmadi, Tehran: Golshaei Publications. 1982 Siyasi, Ali Akbar, Theories of Personality or Psychological Schools, Tehran: Tehran University Press, 2000 Shaari Nejad, Ali Akbar, Developmental Psychology, Tehran: Etelaat Publishing, 19th Edition, 2006 Schultz, Duan, Personality Theories, translated by Yahya Seyed Mohammadi, Tehran, Virayesh Publishing, 2008 Vahshi Bafghi, Divan, by Ali Razaghi Shani, Tehran: Tirgan Publications, First Edition2009.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Psychological criticism is one of the new fields in the field of contemporary literary criticism. One of the most influential theories in this field is Alfred Adler"s theory of psychology in order to accurately understand a person"s personality, thoughts and worldview. Alfred Adler is a prominent Austrian psychologist who, unlike his teacher Freud, sees the root of human behavior not in congenital physiological problems, but as a result of environmental and social factors. Adler emphasized the effective role of society and the surrounding environment on human behavior by putting forward the individualistic theory. The purpose of the present research is to analyze the poems of Simin Behbahani, a prominent contemporary poet, based on Alfred Adler"s theory of social psychology. METHODOLOGY: The study method in the present research is descriptive-analytical, based on library studies and the method of document analysis. The statistical community in this article is Simin Behbahani"s collection of poems. Analytical samples, evidences and examples have been selected in a selective and systematic way, and in order to achieve the goals of the article and obtain the required information, we have presented the poems that match the content of the research in terms of theme, as far as possible in this essay. FINDINGS: Simin Behbahani"s poems have a large amount of social components and propositions for reading psychoanalytic criticism from the perspective of Alfred Adler. Simin is a poet whose desired perfection is to achieve a world where his fellow men, especially the women of the society, are in safety and peace. CONCLUSION: Based on the theory of social interest in Adler"s individualistic psychology, attention to social interest in Simin Behbahani"s poems about his own kind, especially women, is very prominent. Participating in social affairs, paying attention to altruism, empathy and sympathy with the women of the society in Simin"s poems makes it possible to consider him as a positive personality type. In general, it can be said that the social interest in Simin"s poetry is summed up in trying to create better conditions for his fellow men, especially women.

The quality and extent of activity and working play a significant role in the social development of a society and the people's desire for activity depends on the psychological characteristics that are determined by the lifestyle of the community and family's cultural background. The evaluation of this component in Persian Proverbs and Mottos can be a good basis for understanding the functioning of the phrases related to the activity and work in folk literature. Proverbs and mottos as one of the most influential parts of folk literature, on the one hand, are the manifestation of mental states and dialectal desires of a native speakers in a language and also they have profound effects on the lifestyles of individuals in a community and affect the quality of the component of "activity" during the formation of a lifestyle. Considering the Adler's psychological thoughts and the pathology of proverbs in Dehkhoda’ s Proverbs and Mottos (Amsalo Hekam), with analytical content analysis method, we can grasp the profound understanding of the harm and the benefits of this part of Iran's folk culture and literature for the component of social activity.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Although the term lifestyle is a product of the modern world, due to its great importance in the social, political and cultural body of human societies and the resulting basic feedback, countless thinkers and theorists have paid attention to it and in the fields. Various societies, such as sociology, psychology, anthropology, medicine, and cultural studies, have studied this phenomenon. One of these theorists is Alfred Adler, who is considered to be the first lifestyle theorist. Adler's approach to life is psychological. This article examines the lifestyle in the poems of Forough Farrokhzad and Simin Behbahani with an approach to Adler theory. The main question of the present study is whether the lifestyles of Forough and Simin correspond to the components of Adler and whether they have been able to achieve their own lifestyle? METHODOLOGY: This research was conducted in a descriptive-analytical manner using library studies. FINDINGS: By examining the most important components of lifestyle including social interactions, feelings of inferiority, old memories and dreams in Adler's theory, and its adaptation to Forough and Simin's poems, we came to the conclusion that Forough and's lifestyle Simin fits almost all of Adler's components, and as modernist and modernist women she has been able to achieve her own lifestyle. CONCLUSION: Compared to Forough, Simin in his poetry raises more social concerns and deals more with people and their problems. Simin's personality type is often socially beneficial, while Forough represents each of the four types. In fact, the individual self is more prominent in Forough's words and the social self in Simin's poetry. Also, religious elements and components are more prominent in Simin's poetry.

One of the applied theories in the field of psychological criticism is the theory of Alfred Adler. There are similarities between the main characters in the “Weelan al-Dawla” by Muhammad Ali Jamalzadeh and “Shurti” by Mikhail Naima from the viewpoint of psychological criticism, which provides a basis for their comparison according to Adler's individual theory. Therefore, this study aims to further acquaintance with the authors and their short stories and seeks to examine their main characters according to the descriptive and analytical method and within the framework of the American School of Comparative Literature and of course based on Adler's psychological theory of personality. The results showed that the character of the two stories is formed under the influence of the environment and social conditions. The research also showed the severe contempt complex of “Weelan al-Dawla” and “Shurti”, that in “Weelan al-Dawla “returns to tenderness and neglect, while in Shorti it arises from physical problems. The character of the two stories follows two different paths to reach the final goal,

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The prominent Austrian psychologist, Alfred Adler, by using a method in individualistic psychology based on paying attention to internal aspects such as anger and feelings of inferiority, contrary to Freud, who considered human actions to be the result of instinct, stated that human actions and behavior are the result of circumstances is social,Among the contemporary poets, Akhavan Sales is one of the artists whose anger can be seen in his thoughts and poems. The main goal of this research is to examine Alfred Adler"s individualistic theory and the component of anger in his opinion in the poems of the Akhavan Sales as one of the prominent poets of contemporary Iranian literature, whose protest and anger feature prominently in his poems. METHODOLOGY: In this research, we have used the descriptive-analytical method based on library studies. The examined samples were systematically and purposefully selected randomly from the collection of Mahdi Akhavan Sales poems. FINDINGS: The social environment, the surrounding world and human relationships with others can cause negative feedback and anger in a person according to Alfred Adler"s individualistic theory,The perspective of the research shows that anger is one of the important behavioral characteristics of Mahdi Akhavan Sales in his poems, which is the result of his protest against the anomalies and suffocation in the society. CONCLUSION: Factors such as the poet"s introverted mood, emotional failure in his youth, going to prison, the coup d"état on August 28, restricting freedom of expression and political suppression, the dispersion of friends, unemployment, and the death of a child are among the factors involved and effective in expressing anger, violence, and aggression of the Akhavan Sales. It is among his compositions.